COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

Computer Definition :

A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions called a program. It can manipulate and store data, perform calculations, and execute various operations to produce the desired results. Computers come in various forms, including personal computers, laptops, servers, mainframes, and embedded systems, each tailored for specific purposes and usage scenarios. The fundamental components of a computer system include a central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices, input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse), and output devices (e.g., monitor, printer). Computers play a central role in information processing, communication, automation, and numerous applications across various fields.

The term “COMPUTER” stands for “Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Technical, Educational, and Research.” This term was coined in the mid-20th century to describe electronic devices capable of performing various tasks through programmed instructions.

Components of a Computer:

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.
Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data and instructions currently being used by the CPU.
Storage (Hard Drive, SSD): Permanent storage for data and programs.

Input and Output:

Input Devices: Examples include keyboards, mice, and other devices that allow users to input data into the computer.
Output Devices: Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers, which display or provide the results of the computer’s processing.

Software:

Operating System (OS): Acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, managing resources and providing a user interface.
Applications: Programs designed to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, web browsers, and games.

Types of Computers:

Personal Computers (PC): Used by individuals for general computing tasks.
Servers: Designed to manage network resources and provide services to other computers.
Mainframes: Powerful computers used by large organizations for handling complex calculations and large amounts of data.
Supercomputers: High-performance machines used for scientific and engineering applications requiring immense computational power.

Computer Networks:

Local Area Network (LAN): Connects computers in a small geographic area, such as an office or a home.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Connects computers over a larger geographic area, often using the Internet.

Here are some common computer parts and their full forms:

CPU: Central Processing Unit
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read-Only Memory
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
SSD: Solid State Drive
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit
BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
USB: Universal Serial Bus
LAN: Local Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
NIC: Network Interface Card
DNS: Domain Name System
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCIE: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
VGA: Video Graphics Array
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LED: Light Emitting Diode
CPU: Central Processing Unit
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit
PSU: Power Supply Unit
UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply
IRQ: Interrupt Request
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
PDF: Portable Document Format

General Shortcuts:

Ctrl + C: Copy
Ctrl + X: Cut
Ctrl + V: Paste
Ctrl + Z: Undo
Ctrl + Y: Redo
Ctrl + S: Save
Ctrl + P: Print
Ctrl + A: Select All
Ctrl + F: Find
Ctrl + N: New (File or Window)
Ctrl + O: Open
Ctrl + W: Close Window
Ctrl + T: New Tab (in web browsers)
Ctrl + Tab: Switch Tab (in web browsers)

Windows Shortcuts:

Windows Key: Open Start Menu
Windows Key + D: Show Desktop
Alt + Tab: Switch between open windows
Alt + F4: Close active window
Windows Key + L: Lock the computer
Windows Key + E: Open File Explorer
Windows Key + R: Open Run dialog

Web Browsing Shortcuts:

Ctrl + N: New Window
Ctrl + T: New Tab
Ctrl + Tab: Switch between tabs
Ctrl + Shift + T: Reopen last closed tab
Ctrl + D: Bookmark current page
Ctrl + W: Close Tab
Ctrl + F5: Refresh page (bypass cache)
F5: Refresh page

Microsoft Office Shortcuts:

Ctrl + B: Bold
Ctrl + I: Italic
Ctrl + U: Underline
Ctrl + P: Print
Ctrl + S: Save
Ctrl + Z: Undo
Ctrl + Y: Redo
Ctrl + F: Find
Ctrl + H: Replace
Ctrl + X: Cut
Ctrl + C: Copy
Ctrl + V: Paste
Ctrl + A: Select All

Programming Shortcuts:

Ctrl + Space: Auto-complete
Ctrl + /: Comment/Uncomment
Ctrl + Shift + B: Build
Ctrl + F5: Run without debugging
F5: Start Debugging
Ctrl + Shift + F5: Restart Debugging

WinWord Mcq Question:

1. Who is the father of Computers?

a) James Gosling
b) Charles Babbage
c) Dennis Ritchie
d) Bjarne Stroustrup

View Answer (b).

2. What does the COMPUTER stand for?

a) Commonly Occupied Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
b) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Environmental Research
c) Commonly Oriented Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research
d) Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research

View Answer (d)

Explanation: The word COMPUTER is an abbreviation for the term “Commonly Operated Machines Used in Technical and Educational Research”. The word COMPUTER also relates to the word COMPUTE which means to calculate. So initially, it was thought that a computer is a device that is used to perform calculations.

3. What is a Computer?

a) Computer is a machine or device that can be programmed to perform arithmetical or logic operation sequences automatically
b) Computer understands only binary language which is written in the form of 0s & 1s
c) Computer is a programmable electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes the data
d) All of the mentioned

View Answer (d)

Explanation: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. CPU is the part of a computer system that is mainly referred as the brain of the computer.

4. What is the full form of CPU?

a) Computer Processing Unit
b) Computer Principle Unit
c) Central Processing Unit
d) Control Processing Unit

View Answer (c)

Explanation: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. CPU is the part of a computer system that is mainly referred as the brain of the computer.

5. The only language which the computer understands is ______________

a) Computer understands only C Language
b) Computer understands only Assembly Language
c) Computer understands only Binary Language
d) Computer understands only BASIC

View Answer (c)

Explanation: Machine Language is written in binary codes only. It can be easily understood by the computer and is very difficult for us to understand. A machine language, unlike other languages, requires no translators or interpreters.

7. Which of the following is the brain of the computer?

a) Central Processing Unit
b) Memory
c) Arithmetic and Logic unit
d) Control unit

View Answer (a)

Explanation: The CPU is referred to as the brain of a computer.
It consists of a control unit and an arithmetic and logic unit. It is responsible for performing all the processes and operations.

8. What are the two basic types of memory in a computer?

a) Minor and Major
b) Main and virtual
c) Primary and Secondary
d) Primary and major

View Answer (c)

Explanation: There are two types of memories in a computer system: Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.
The primary memory can be directly accessed by the CPU whereas the secondary memory cannot be directly accessed.

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a computer?

a) Versatility
b) Accuracy
c) Diligence
d) I.Q.

View Answer (d)

Explanation: The Computer system has no I.Q. of its own. It does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take decisions of its own.
A computer is diligent because it can work continuously for hours without getting any errors or without getting grumbled.
The accuracy of a computer is consistently high and its level of accuracy depends on its design. A computer can perform any task if, it can be broken down into a series of logical steps. Therefore, a computer is versatile.

10. What is the word length of a personal computer?